How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay Example for Free

How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay This evaluation will concentrate on Section 1 of The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Stop and Search powers). I will take a gander at the utilization of stop and search before the Macpherson report and after the Macpherson report and analyze how it has changed. The utilization of stop and search powers permit the police to handle wrongdoing and hostile to social conduct, and to forestall increasingly genuine violations happening for the most part out in the open spots like a Football coordinate. A cop can ask what you are doing, why you’re in a territory and additionally where you’re going. They additionally have the ability to stop and search you in the event that they have ‘reasonable grounds’ to presume you’re conveying; illicit medications, a weapon, taken property or something which could be utilized to carry out a wrongdoing, for example, a risky weapon. You must be halted and looked without sensible grounds on the off chance that it has been endorsed by a senior cop. This can occur on the off chance that it is suspected that; genuine viciousness could happen, you are conveying a weapon or have utilized one or you are in a particular area or zone. In any case, you don’t need to respond to any inquiries the cop pose to you. The Police official will note down seven subtleties these incorporate; Ethnicity, Objective of search, Grounds for search, Identity of the official doing the stop and search, Date, Time and Place. Anyway being looked doesn't mean you have been captured, except if any of these components apply. Sir William McPherson completed a request in 1999 after an examination of the homicide of Stephen Lawrence. The 18-year-old A-Level understudy was lethally cut in an unmerited assault as he sat tight for a transport in Eltham, south London, in April 1993. No one, at the time was sentenced for his homicide. Anyway in 2006 the Metropolitan Polices Acting Deputy Commissioner, requested a virus case audit that prompted the feelings of Gary Dobson and David Norris in 2011 they were seen as blameworthy by an Old Bailey jury after a preliminary dependent on scientific proof. Researchers found a minuscule bloodstain on Dobsons coat that could just have originated from Mr Lawrence. They additionally found a solitary hair having a place with the young person on Norriss pants. The two men have had past altercations with the law; Dobson was imprisoned for a long time in 2010 for drugs dealing. He is among few men to have been attempted twice for a similar wrongdoing (twofold risk) after the Court of Appeal suppressed his 1996 exoneration for the homicide. Norris was sentenced in 2002 for a different claim of racially undermining conduct. Claims of ineptitude and prejudice against Metropolitan cops that were responsible for the case started the first request as did two inner police requests which vindicated the Metropolitan itself. According to the stop and search there is no real change in the stop and quest powers for the police. Anyway records of all stop and search activity must be distributed, and a duplicate of the record can likewise be given to the individual in question whenever mentioned in this manner there can be no discriminative motivation to stop somebody as the police need to give composed motivation to the suspect and the police power. The 1981 Brixton riots and the resulting Scarman report were key elements in the section of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). It gives the center structure of police powers and shields around stop and search, capture, confinement, examination, distinguishing proof and talking prisoners. The point of PACE has consistently been to build up a harmony between the forces of the police in England and Wales and the privileges of individuals from people in general. Writing Review The quick impact of Macpherson saw a decrease in the utilization of stop and search. In London, prevent and look through tumbled from 180,000 of every 1999/00 to 169,000 the next year. Broadly, the quantity of stop and searches fell by 21% and afterward a further 16% from 1998 to 2000. By December 2000, delegates of typical officials were stating that Macpherson had harmed resolve. Officials, they stated, were ill-equipped to utilize stop and search out of dread of being named bigot. So William Hague called for there to be an ascent in the utilization of Stop and Search. This was apparent in 2001 when Mr Hague connected an ascent in savage road wrongdoing in certain regions to a drop in stop and searches of individuals of color since cops dreaded being called bigot. Be that as it may, this can be contended the same number of dark and Asian individuals including Stephen Lawrences father, Neville, who documented a protest in the wake of being halted a year ago said they were all the while being unjustifiably focused on. What's more, in January figures from the Home Office demonstrated that the fall in scans was most noteworthy for white suspects with individuals of color still ive times bound to be halted in London than white individuals. The Equality Act 2010 makes it restricted for cops to oppress, disturb or defraud any individual corresponding to age, incapacity, sex reassignment, race, religion or conviction, sex and sexual direction, marriage, common associat ion, pregnancy and maternity when utilizing their forces on the ground of secured qualities (Home Office 2011). This shows they have attempted to control the circumstance of bigotry in the power and attempted to end it. Anyway bigotry inside the power returns a very long time as before 1984 police were permitted to stop and search whoever they needed accordingly it got simpler and all the more a propensity to target individuals who fit ‘criminal persona’. This laid back way to deal with stop and search caused issues since police got discriminative to the open which can be appeared in the Home office measurements (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, The 1984). Examination shows this is as yet happening today despite the fact that the Equality Act 2010 was advanced this is obvious in (equity 2010). Individuals of color are 8 percent almost certain than whites to confront stop and search. Corresponding to the McPherson report the Committee said that since the presentation of the report the police have caused enormous steps in the administration they to give to ethnic minority networks and in countering prejudice among its own workforce. This is apparent in the way that sixty-seven of Macpherson’s 70 suggestions have been actualized completely or to a limited extent in the a long time since his report was distributed. Anyway the measurements show that there is still bigotry in the power accordingly were McPhersons suggestions required or would he be able to have concentrated more on the issue close by? Numerous individuals see that that supremacist persona of the powers originates from the possibility that cops are hard, extreme, and won't endure inadmissible conduct. This is called cop culture which is difficult to characterize as it has moved from examining around one culture to talking about various societies, for example, ‘subculture’, ‘street culture’, ‘patrol culture’, ‘canteen culture’ (It can be characterized as where the police share a similar feeling of personality which advances around work, hard play and hard drinking), ‘headquarters culture’ and the ‘cardigan squad’ (the delicate and cushioned culture). Cop culture can be viewed the same number of various things relying upon how you see the police themselves. In Britain the Scarman report in 1981 uproars in Brixton was persuasive and raised the significance of stop and search on youthful people of color who felt they had been unjustifiably focused because of their shading. Rowe contends that while not all discoveries were the ‘militaristic style of policing, with helpless open commitment t set up suggestions identifying with policing for instance on preparing, the job of network policing, lay guests at police headquarters, order and stop and search’. Rowe likewise specifies that the proposals referenced in the Scarman report were emphasized in the McPherson report just about 20 years after the fact proposes that the suggestions were not successfully actualized in the Scarman report (Rowe 2007:155). Anyway McPherson was all the more straightforward utilizing the term ‘institutional racism’ that Scarman avoided, making the issue progressively noticeable to the general population. This is clear when the metropolitan police misused the Stephen Lawrence case because of a mix of expert inadequacy, institutional bigotry and a disappointment of initiative by senior officers’ (McPherson 1999). As far as police culture, institutional prejudice was said to fuse supremacist generalizing of individuals of color as likely crooks or troublemakers (McPherson 1999). Considering a bigot official can be viewed as a clumsy official as it is finding an absence of comprehension of social decent variety showed in the presence of social emergency in the metropolitan police consequently they ought to be retrained or excused. Numerous individuals of been exceptionally disparaging of the McPherson report one primary analysis is that in spite of the fact that McPherson made 70 truly necessary proposals for the power he did little to bring equity for the group of Stephen Lawrence which was the explanation he initially led the request. Anyway 11 years after the request was finished equity was in reality served for the Lawrence family yet not due to McPherson’s suggestions. This shows the failings of which the Macpherson Report draws consideration as well, is comparable to the police examination concerning the homicide of Stephen Lawrence which is significant, yet the clarification with regards to how and why the issues happened is to some degree restricted which should have been noted too. This implies he noticed the issue of bigotry however didn’t prescribe to return the case on retrial. The issues recognized by McPherson are not just remarkable to this case or other racial homicides; yet rather they are identified with the social, legitimate and hierarchical situations in which such a police work ought to be attempted consistently. The stop and search has been demonstrated to be a triumph for the

Muse free essay sample

At the point when you hear the words old style music, the main author that numerous individuals the Ink of Is Beethoven. Would you be able to think about any reasons why this Is so? On the off chance that one says rock muss who is the primary individual you consider and why? 2. In the nineteenth century, the lied or workmanship melody was a significant turn of events. The Ii RISC to these melodies as often as possible managed disillusionment in affection, with the magnificence of n tauter, with enchantment. In todays melodies, what are a portion of the subjects being sung about? 3. The piano turned into the absolute most significant instrument of the nineteenth century.Which instrument would have this qualification today and why? 6. Tune in to Schubert Erelong. For what reason is this occasionally called a little drama? Barring the storyteller, list the other three characters in the Erelong, and De recorder how Schubert has depicted them in the music. 1. For my experience, I have taken music classes since my grade school, at the initially starting, instructors showed us the central information Includes Influential acclaimed artist. We will compose a custom paper test on Dream or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The most accentuated Is Beethoven. I figure everybody can't dismiss the first information profoundly implicit quite a while mind in youth times.As for awesome music, cap will help me to remember Less Baxter, who was the main person to bring Rock and Roll into the Top 40, which gave me the initial introduction of Rock music. 2. I think the topics of verses of tunes managed disillusionment in affection has been created and turn into a custom of current tunes. Today, the popular music are as yet Involved around affection, breaking hearts, and long for adoration. The explanation behind this, In my conclusion, we are human. We need that affection feeling to contact the idea of the world. Also, improve our lives and one of a kind. 3.Piano has huge exhibit of keys and differing range of octaves and notes, which otherwise known as It fit for passing on for all intents and purposes and sort of felling or melodic Inspiration. Henceforth, it have the capacity of involving the job of the absolute most significant instrument of the nineteenth century despite the fact that it is cumbersome and non convenient. In current occasions, some instrument like violin with Identical or comparable intricacy. In addition, violin Is a lot littler, more shrill. Some different individuals from violin group of string instruments incorporates viola, cello, and copies. Numerous progressions in instruments change the imposing business model of piano. 4.Because the type of Erelong Is through-composed(ever changing backup created the piece). As we probably am aware, through-made Is a melodic term with a wide range of implications. Contingent upon the setting the term can mean either music that is totally non-dreary, music that isn't hindered by discourse or music that is formed In direct request. [1] The term through-made Is likewise applied to drama and melodic venue to Indicate the degree of music. Some we can say, Erelong Is a little-show. The other three characters are Reeling, Child, and Father. Reeling has two unmistakable styles. One is particular, which make the tune soundsChild, and the basic mood, which Reeling need demonstrate his pleasant to the kid. The other style is progressively obstinate and furious. Kid utilizes high pitch. Rehashed lines, similar to my dad, my dad is for the most part utilized in fundamental trademark. The pitch is ascending with each singing, which speaks to the development of tension of the kid. In the end, the Child is about shouting. The tone is just raised one half, which proposes the frail of youngster to yell any more. Toward the start, the singing rhythms are basic, yet gets progressively on edge. Father utilizes bring down volume. His tone ascends around the end, since he is coming frightened for his son.Rather, the key tweaks C minor, beyond what many would consider possible from the home key of G minor, adding to the sentiment of stress. [2] 2. If it's not too much trouble tune in to the principal development of Beethovens Symphony #5. Would could it be that makes this music so mighty ? (Indication: it isnt Just in light of the fact that it sounds stronger) How might {oh contrast it and the Symphony of Haydn we tuned in to in a past section? Ere Symphony 5 is in C minor. Beethoven twists sonata structure to his most well known traditional piece practically constantly. He takes the littlest of thought processes, which is horn short long and utilizes it as a bringing together gadget through the primary movement.Imitations and arrangements are utilized to grow the topic, these concise impersonations tumbling over one another with such musical to shape a solitary, streaming tune. Soon after, a short fortissimo scaffold. Which presents in a compelling and dynamic manner. The principal development, gives difficulties to sonata structure. Things being what they are, it begins with two emotional fortissimo expressions, the celebrated theme, which telling the audience members consideration. Ere first development opens with the four-note theme, which is one of the most acclaimed n western music.

The Internet Essays (2083 words) - Cybercrime, Cyberwarfare

The Internet The Internet is, truly, a system of systems. It is made of thousands of interconnected systems traversing the globe. The PCs that structure the Internet extend from colossal centralized servers in investigate foundations to humble PCs in individuals' homes and workplaces. Notwithstanding the ongoing exposure, the Internet is definitely not another thing. Its foundations lie in an assortment of PCs that were connected together during the 1970s to shape the US Department of Defense's interchanges frameworks. Dreading the outcomes of atomic assault, there was no focal PC holding tremendous measures of information, yet rather the data was scattered across a large number of machines. A convention known as TCP/IP was created to permit various gadgets to cooperate. The first system has since a long time ago been updated and extended and TCP/IP is presently a general norm. The Internet has gone on now to satisfy significantly more than it's proposed reason and has unquestionably brought good overall. A large number of individuals overall are utilizing the Internet to share data, make new affiliations and impart. People and organizations, from understudies and columnists, to advisors, software engineers and corporate mammoths are on the whole tackling the intensity of the Internet. For some organizations the Internet is getting essential to their activities. Envision the capacity to send and get information: messages, notes, letters, reports, pictures, video, sound-pretty much any type of correspondence, as easily as making a call. It is straightforward why the Internet is quickly turning into the corporate correspondences medium. Utilizing the mouse on your PC, the natural point-and-snap usefulness gives you access to electronic mail for sending and getting information, and record move for replicating documents starting with one PC then onto the next. This surge of data is a delightful thing and it can just open the brains of society. With the blast of the World Wide Web, anybody could distribute their plans to the world. Previously, so as to be heard one would need to experience distributers who were eager to put resources into his plans to get something put out for public consumption. With the coming of the Internet, any individual who has a remark can be heard by the world. By letting everybody express their real thoughts, this opens up every better approaches for deduction to any individual who is happy to tune in. A significant weakness is that the Internet is addictive. One of the principal individuals to pay attention to the marvel was Kimberly S. Youthful, Ph.D., a teacher of brain research at the University of Pittsburgh. She pays attention to it in this way, truth be told, that she established the Center for Online Addiction, an association that gives discussion to instructive foundations, psychological wellness facilities and organizations managing Internet abuse issues. Clinicians presently perceive Internet Addiction Syndrome (IAS) as another ailment that could demolish several lives. Web addicts are individuals who are accounted for remaining on the web for six, eight, ten or more hours daily, consistently. They utilize the Internet as a method of getting away from issues or soothing upset states of mind. Their utilization can mess up their family, work and public activities. They feel on edge and peevish when disconnected and hungered for getting back on the web. In spite of the outc omes, they keep utilizing paying little heed to what their loved ones state. Uncommon assist bunches with having been set up to offer out guidance and offer connections with different addicts. Virtual worlds Anonymous and Webaholics are two of the locales offering assistance, yet just through signing onto the Internet. The impacts of IAS lead to cerebral pains, absence of fixation and tiredness. Robert Kraut Doctoral Psychologist says alluding regarding the matter: We have proof that individuals who are online for significant stretches of time show contrary changes in the amount they converse with individuals in their family and what number of companions and colleagues they state they stay in touch with. They likewise report little however expanded measures of dejection, stress and sadness. What we don't know is actually why. Being on the web occupies time, and it might be removing time from rest, social contact or in any event, eating. Our adverse outcomes are justifiable if indivi duals' collaborations on the net are not as socially significant as their different exercises. Another significant disadvantage of the Internet is that it is defenseless

The acquiring of Bank of Rajasthan by ICICI - Free Essay Example

3.1 DEAL STRUCTURE The acquiring of Bank of Rajasthan by ICICI was a no cash deal. The deal was valued at Rs.3041 Cr. Each share of Bank of Rajasthan was valued at Rs.189/- giving a premium of around Rs.90 per share. Table no. 3.1 showing Deal valuation Particulars Swap Ratio Outstanding Shares(Cr.) Price before announcement Market Cap Deal Value(Cr.) ICICI 25 111 889.35 99921 3042 BANK OF RAJASTHAN 118 16 99.5 1527 Interpretation- The deal was done by stock swap. It was thought to be 1:3, but later the swap ratio was decided at 25:118 as mentioned; means 25 shares of ICICI for 118 shares of Bank of Rajasthan. The swap ratio was at around 90% premium over the market pricing of Bank of Rajasthan. As the deal was a no-cash deal , ICICI had to dilute 3% equity for the deal. The net worth of Bank of Rajasthan at the time of merger was estimated to be around Rs 760 Cr. and that of ICICI Bank Rs 5,17,000 Cr.. In the quarter ending Dec 2009, Bank of Rajasthan reported a loss of Rs 44 Cr. on an income of Rs 373 Crores. So, ICICI Bank had to take in these losses too. 3.1.1 Multiples Method Value based on comparable P/B The table gives P/B ratio of some banks which can be compared with the BANK OF RAJASTHAN( I have excluded some high profile banks like HDFC, ICICI, Axis Bank etc) Table no. 3.2 showing P/B ratio of BoR acquisition Bank P/B Ratio Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd 2.2 Karur Vysya Bank Ltd 2.0 City Union Bank Ltd 1.9 ING Vysya Bank Ltd 1.7 Development Credit Bank Ltd 1.4 United Western Bank Ltd 1.2 Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd 1.2 South Indian Bank Ltd 1.2 Federal Bank Ltd 1.1 Karnataka Bank Ltd 1.1 Interpretation- The average price to book ratio comes to be around 1.5. Using the ratio and book value of 1048.8 Cr. value of BANK OF RAJASTHAN = 1.5 x 1048.8 = 1573 Cr.. The deal value of more than 3000 Cr. is quite costly in this regard which values BANK OF RAJASTHAN at almost double the current value. 3.1.2 CALCUATION OF INCOME PER BRANCH Table 3.3 showing income per branch Total deposits(in Crs) 15187 CDR 74.20% spread on money they can lent 3.50% Spread on money they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t lent -2.05% Money which they can lent (15187*CDR) 11268.75 Money which they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t lent (15187*(1-CDR)) 3918.246 Number of branches 463 Income on money they can lent 0.85185 Income on money they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t lent -0.17348 Total Income Income on money they can lent = = 0.85185 Income on money they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t lent == (-0.173486) Total Income = 0.85185+ (-0.173486) = 0.678364 Interpretation- Even if they would have gone natural growth and built all the branches, it would have cost them a mere Rs 1911 Cr. which is way below the valuation that they paid to acquire bank of Rajasthan. Thus the deal is absolutely overpriced and it would have resulted in some value destruction for the ICICI shareholders. 3.2 RATIO ANALYSIS PROFITABILITY RATIO OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN NET PROFIT MARGIN These ratios measure the ability of the firm to generate profits. These ratios are of interest to investors who would like to invest in the most profitable companies around. OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN Operating profit OPERATING MARGIN RATIO = X 100 Sales ICICI BANK Table 3.4 showing Operating profit of ICICI Bank Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Operating Margin (%) 28.87 26 26.22 Graph 3.1 showing Operating profit of ICICI Bank Significance: This ratio establishes the relationship between total operating expenses to sales. It shows the operating efficiency of the firm. When the operating ratio is less it indicates higher operating profit and vice versa. Interpretation: The Operating profit margin has decreased from 28.87% in 2006 to 26% in 2007.It increased in 2008 to 26.22 % . The average pre merger ratio is 27.03%. This indicates that the operating margin is not stable. BANK OF RAJASTHAN Table 3.5 showing Operating profit of BoR Year 2006-7 2007-8 2008-9 Operating Margin (%) 28.84 21.18 21.12 Graph 3.2 showing Operating Profit of BoR Interpretation: The Operating profit margin of BoR has decreased from 28.84% in 2006 to 21.18% in 2007.It decreased slightly in 2008 to 21.12 % . The average pre merger ratio is 23.71%. This indicates that the operating margin is not stable. NET PROFIT MARGIN PROFIT AFTER TAX NET PROFIT MARGIN RATIO = SALES ICICI BANK Table 3.6 showing Net Profit Margin of ICICI Bank Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Net Profit Margin (%) 10.81 10.51 9.74 Graph 3.3 showing Net Profit of ICICI Bank Significance: This ratio is an indicator of operational efficiency or in-efficiency. Higher the ratio better is the operational efficiency. Interpretation: The Net profit margin has decreased from 10.81% in 2006 to 10.51% in 2007.It decreased in 2008 to 9.74 % . The average pre merger ratio is 10.35%. This indicates that the net profit margin is not stable but the rate is acceptable. BANK OF RAJSTHAN Table 3.7 showing Net Profit Margin of BoR Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Net Profit Margin (%) 12.96 9.75 7.81 Graph 3.4 showing Net Profit of BoR Interpretation: The Net profit margin has decreased from 12.56% in 2006 to 9.75% in 2007.It decreased in 2008 to 7.81 % . The average pre merger ratio is 10.04%. This indicates that the net profit margin is not stable. RETURN ON INVESTMENT Earnings- Initial Investment x 100 ROI = Initial Investment ICICI BANK Table 3.8 showing ROI of ICICI Bank Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Return On Investment (%) 82.46 62.34 56.72 Graph 3.5 showing ROI of ICICI Bank Interpretation: The ratio has been 82.46% in the year 2006, decreasing to 62.34% in 2007.Then, decreasing to 56.72% in 2008. The average rate is 67.17% which is very good for a company. BANK OF RAJASTHAN Table 3.9 showing ROI of BoR Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Return On Investment (%) 140.81 173 185.2 Graph 3.6 showing ROI of BoR Interpretation: The ratio has been 140.81% in the year 2006, increasing to 173% in 2007.Then, further increasing to 185.2% in 2008. The average rate is166.44% which is excellent for a company. SOLVENCY RATIO DEBT EQUITY RATIO This ratio throws light on the long-term solvency of the firm reflecting its capability to assure the long period creditors with regards to payment of interests and loan repayment of principal on maturity at due dates. DEBT EQUITY RATIO DEBT DEBT-EQUITY RATIO = EQUITY ICICI BANK Table 3.10 showing Debt Equity Ratio of ICICI Bank Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Debt Equity Ratio 9.5 5.27 4.42 Graph 3.7 showing Debt Equity Ratio of ICICI Bank Significance: It shows the relative claims of creditors and owners against the assets of the firm .It also indicates the relative proportions o debt and equity in financial the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. Interpretation: This ratio has been declined over the years from 9.50 to 4.42. The pre merger average comes out to be 6.39. BANK OF RAJASTHAN Table 3.11 showing Debt Equity Ratio of BoR Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Debt Equity Ratio 25.37 26.15 23.6 Graph 3.8 showing Debt Equity Ratio of BoR Interpretation: This ratio has almost constant. It increased in 2007 to 26.15 and again fell to 23.6 in 2008. The average is 25.04 which is quite stable. EPS Earning Per Share is defined as ratio of profit after tax to the number of ordinary shares i.e. Net Profit after tax and preference dividend EPS = - Number of ordinary shares So, when the income on equity (EPS) of a particular company increases the position of the company is considered to be favorable. On the other hand, if the rate of return to equity hare holder falls, or if the interest bearing securities get a big share into hearing of the firm, then the position of the company will be unfavorable. ICICI BANK Table 3.12 showing EPS of ICICI Bank Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 EPS 34.59 37.37 33.76 Graph 3.9 showing EPS of ICICI Bank Interpretation: The EPS of ICICI Bank increased in 2007 from 34.59 to 37.37 and again fell to 33.76. it could mean that the shareholders had retained some profits to make the company stronger. BANK OF RAJASTHAN Table 3.13 showing EPS of BoR Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 EPS 10.28 8.57 7.3 Graph 3.10 showing EPS of BoR Interpretation: The EPS of BoR decreased in 2007 from 10.28 to 8.57and again fell 7.3. It could mean that the shareholders had retained some profits to make the company stronger with an average of 8.72. DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO This is also known as payout ratio. It calculates the association between the earnings belonging to ordinary shareholder and the dividend paid to them. In other words Dividend Payout Ratio shows the percentage share of the net profits after tax and preference bonus is paid out as dividend to equity shareholders. It can be calculated by dividing the total bonus paid to the owners by the total profits / earnings available to them. Alternatively it can be found out by dividing the bonus per ordinary share by the EPS. Thus, Total dividend paid to equity holders Dividend Payout Ratio = ____________________________________ Earnings available to equity share holders ICICI BANK Table 3.14 showing Dividend Pay out Ratio of ICICI Bank Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Dividend Payout Ratio 28.91 29.43 32.58 Graph 3.11 showing Dividend Payout Ratio of ICICI Bank Interpretation: The average dividend payout ratio turned out to be 30.31%. It has increased over time from 28.91% to 29.43% and finally to 32.58%. BANK OF RAJASTHAN Table 3.15 showing Dividend Payout Ratio of BoR Year 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Dividend Payout Ratio 19.45 5.83 2.74 Graph 3.12 showing Dividend Payout Ratio of BoR. Interpretation: The dividend payout ratio has decreased over time for BoR from 19.45% to 2.74% in 2008-09. It is not a good sign as the shareholders are not getting enough dividends. OVERALL RATIO: Graph 3.13 showing Pre and Post Merger Ratios Interpretation- The above graph shows the position of ICICI Bank and BANK OF RAJASTHAN during pre and post merger period. The acquisition raised share value to new heights and making ICICI Bank more stronger. POST MERGER RATIOS OF ICICI BANK: Table 3.16 showing Post Merger Ratios of ICICI Bank Ratio Post Merger Period 2010-11 Average Operating profit ratio 24.81 24.81 Net profit ratio 15.91 15.91 Return on investment 42.97 42.97 earnings per share 44.73 44.73 Dividend Payout Ratio 31.29 31.29 Debt Equity ratio 4.1 4.1 Graph 3.14 showing Post Merger Ratio of ICICI Bank Interpretation- The above table shows the post merger ratios of ICICI bank. The merger has benefitted the company and it looks to be more stronger compared to its pre merger scenario. 3.3 T Test: H0 : There is no considerable difference between pre and post merger financial performance. H1 : There is a considerable difference between pre and post merger financial performance. Highlight: The company from Indian Banking sector was merged with a stake of 100 %. OPERATING PROFIT RATIO OF ICICI BANK Table 3.17 showing T test of Operating profit of ICICI Bank Period N Mean Sd t Result Premerger 3 27.03 1.597 1.204 NS Post merger 1 24.81 0 Graph 3.15 showing Pre and Post Merger Operating Ratio of ICICI Bank Interpretation- The operating profit ratio of ICICI Bank before merger was 27.03. After mergering, it was decreased to 24.81. The test of difference of mean was found to be non significant as t=1.204 lt; tab= 2.920 at 5% level of significance. The hypothesis taken that there is considerable difference between pre and post merger financial performance is proved to be accepted. NET PROFIT RATIO OF ICICI BANK Table 3.18 showing T test of Net profit of ICICI Bank Period N Mean Sd t Result Premerger 3 10.35 0.552 -8.719 S Post merger 1 15.91 0 Graph 3.16 showing Pre and Post Merger Net Profit Ratio of ICICI Bank Interpretation- The net profit ratio of ICICI Bank before merger was 10.35. After merging, it was increased to 15.910. The test of difference of mean was found to be significant as t=8.719 lt; tab= 2.920 at 5% level of significance. The hypothesis taken that there is considerable difference between pre and post merger financial performance is proved to be rejected. EPS OF ICICI BANK Table 3.19 showing T test of EPS of ICICI Bank Period N Mean Sd t Result Premerger 3 35.24 1.891 -4.347 S Post merger 1 44.73 0 Graph 3.17 showing Pre and Post Merger EPS of ICICI Bank Interpretation- The earning per share of ICICI Bank before merger was 35.240. After mergering, it was increased to 44.73. The test of difference of means was found to be significant as t=4.347 lt; tab= 2.920 at 5% level of significance. The hypothesis taken Mergers in Indian Corporate Sector in general resulted in value addition to shareholders is rejected. ROI OF ICICI BANK Table 3.20 showing T test of ROI of ICICI Bank Period N Mean Sd t Result Premerger 3 67.17 13.534 1.549 NS Post merger 1 42.97 0 Graph 3.18 showing Pre and Post Merger ROI of ICICI Bank Interpretation- ROI of ICICI Bank before merger was 67.17. After merging, it was decreased to 42.97. The test of difference of mean was found to be non significant as t=1.549 lt; tab= 2.920 at 5% level of significance. The hypothesis taken Mergers in Indian Corporate Sector in general resulted in value addition to shareholders is accepted. DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO OF ICICI BANK Table 3.21 showing T test of Dividend Payout Ratio of ICICI Bank Period N Mean Sd t Result Premerger 3 30.31 1.986 -0.429 NS Post merger 1 31.29 0 Graph 3.19 showing Pre and Post Merger Dividend Payout Ratio of ICICI Bank Interpretation- The dividend payout ratio of ICICI Bank before merger was 30.30 After merging, it was slightly increased to 31.29. The test of difference of mean was found to be non significant as t=0.429 lt; tab= 2.920 at 5% level of significance. Hence the hypothesis taken that Mergers in Indian Corporate sector in General resulted in value addition to shareholders is accepted. DEBT EQUITY RATIO OF ICICI BANK Table 3.22 showing T test of Debt Equity Ratio of ICICI Bank Period N Mean Sd t Result Premerger 3 6.39 2.721 0.731 NS Post merger 1 4.1 0 Graph 3.20 showing Pre and Post Merger Debt Equity Ratio of ICICI Bank Interpretation- The debt equity ratio of ICICI Bank before merger was 6.39. After merging, it was decreased to 4.10. The test of difference of mean was found to be non significant as t=0.731 lt; tab= 2.920 at 5% level of significance. Hence the hypothesis taken that There is considerable difference between pre and post merger financial performance is accepted.

Good And Evil Dr. Faustus - 1228 Words

In the play Doctor Faustus, the theme of good versus evil is one of the most apparent as well as one of the most important themes throughout the play. Good and evil are represented as a battle or struggle in many ways such as constantly battling over winning various individuals souls, the concept of God versus the Devil, and the idea of religion versus science. This war between good and evil creates both internal conflicts for Faustus along with the external conflict between Faustus and various characters. The struggle between good and evil is also represented in the topic of damnation with the struggle to save Faustus’s soul from hell versus fighting to ensure Faustus’s soul is condemned to hell even with the idea of predestination. Good and evil are represented as a battle in various ways throughout the play. One of the ways it is represented as such is with the way various characters are fighting for Faustus’s soul. The characters the good angel and the bad angel represent this struggle for Faustus’s soul because every time Faustus begins to question the state of his soul the good angel and bad angel appear on his shoulders. The bad angel wants Faustus to believe he is damned to hell no matter what. However, the good angel wants him feel bad for his sins, repent and therefore be saved. One particular example of when the Author, Christopher Marlow uses this theme is in act VI, lines 12 through 18. â€Å"GOOD ANGEL: Faustus, repent; yet God will pity thee. BAD ANGEL: Thou artShow MoreRelatedComparing Dr. Faustus And Marlowe And Mamet983 Words   |  4 Pagesclassical music and opera to paintings and cartoons. From Goethe to Radiohead, Dr. Faustus’ thirst for knowledge and the chaos this d esire produces have captivated artists of all disciplines. This paper will examine two theatrical depictions of this myth. A little more than 400 years separate the original productions of Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus and David Mamet’s Faustus, but both plays feature the bare bones of the Faust myth. Vastly different politicalRead MoreEssay about Dr Faustus - Ambition1259 Words   |  6 PagesDr Faustus - Ambition â€Å"Marlowe’s biographers often portray him as a dangerously over–ambitious individual. Explore ways this aspect of Marlowe’s personality is reflected in ‘Dr. Faustus.’ † Christopher Marlowe lived during the Renaissance period in 16th century England. Although this was a time of change, the Elizabethans still had fixed moral values. ‘The Chain of Being,’ a concept inherited from the Middle Ages, can be described as a hierarchy of society, with the monarch at the top andRead MoreEssay on Dr. Faustus Vs. Dorian Gray618 Words   |  3 PagesPicture of Dorian Gray and Dr. Faustus, both protagonists are lured into the world of evil, but by different forces. Dorian Gray and Dr. Faustus both sell their souls to the devil. However, Dorian Gray deals with the devil unknowingly, and Dr. Faustus conjures the devil. After Dorian sells his soul, he becomes an immoral criminal, and even resorts to murder. After Dr. Faustus sells his soul, he lives frivolously and entertains himself through practical jokes. So who is more evil? An innocent young manRead MoreThe Tragic Downfall of Faustus in Tragical Histor of Doctor Faustus921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragic Downfall of Faustus in Tragical Histor of Doctor Faustus Christopher Marlowe’s Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is about a man who seeks power that comes from knowledge beyond the human realm. Throughout the story, the seven deadly sins are shown and have an impact on Dr. Faustus during his search for ultimate power. However, it is one of these vices of the seven deadly sins that plays a particular and key role in his demise. Pride, creates Dr. Faustus’ inability to repent, Read MoreDr.Faustus as a Tragedy Relevant to All Times1186 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolve a main character that is a normal human being with his share of good and bad characteristics. The protagonist is socially active, intelligent and a learned man. A tragic play entails both verbal and dramatic irony. Dr. Faustus was perhaps the most well written tragedy of its times and happens to remain so till date. Christopher Marlowe is the founder and the originator of the mature English tragedy. Written in 1586, Dr. Faustus is a part of the age that was famous unprecedented literary activityRead MoreChristopher Marlowe s Dr. Faustus1706 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus is a complex character. Whether or not to feel pity for the misguided scholar is a debatable issue, but he does seem to possess some â€Å"evil† qualities. Some consider him a tragic hero, while ot hers would argue he better fulfills the role of a villain. But really, who is Dr. Faustus? Taking into consideration the defining characteristics of both the tragic hero and the villain while comparing them to the doctor leads one to the conclusion that Faustus does not completelyRead MoreThe Tragic Fall Of Satan From Heaven And The Downfall Of Doctor Faustus770 Words   |  4 PagesDoctor Faustus embrace a similar course. Satan was once the most powerful and superior angel in heaven. But because of his pride and arrogance, He trusted to have equall d the most High (Milton, Book 1.1720. 40). Satan waged war against heaven and God, but was defeated and Hurl d headlong flaming from th Ethereal Sky... To bottomless perdition... and penal Fire (Milton. Book 1.1720. 45-48). Similarly, Doctor Faustus held a higher status of knowledge compared to other men. Faustus was highlyRead MoreDr. Faustus And Twelfth Night : Experiential Learning1517 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Faustus and Twelfth N ight: Experiential Learning Henry Perkinson, a former educational history and educational theorist professor at NYU, wrote it in his book Learning from our mistakes â€Å"learning takes place not only in success, but in failure as well† (23). Perkinson’s perspective of education, that education comes from personal experience and academic knowledge, can be used to view Thomas Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus and William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night differently. Both stories have charactersRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Play Everyman 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesof life. Similarly, we can also see the shadow of a philosophical trace in Christopher Marlowe’s play, Doctor Faustus. The play personifies good and evil. The devil will fight for the soul of human beings, while our soul remain indecisive. Soon after, high lights appeared in the instance when the soul makes a decision. Even though both works are excellent, but I fell that Dr. Faustus made a bigger impact on me. Although both work revolved around death, sins, and judgment of God when He triesRead More Dr. Faustus Consumed by Pride in Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus1418 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Faustus Consumed by Pride in Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus In this theoretic play, Christopher Marlowe presents a man that is well educated, but is in search of more than what education can give to him. Dr. Faustus is a man possessed by himself, blown up in pride, and blinded by his own intellect. This blind, self- centered man challenges the ideals of death and the Devil. The first scene opens with Dr. Faustus in his study, he is seated, and then he begins to speak in depth of what

Role of Religion in Dr. Faust Essay - 976 Words

Role of Religion in Dr. Faust Dr. Faust is a legend from the sixteenth century that tells the tale of a man that sells his sole to the devil for non-human powers. This legend is influenced by the time that it was written. During the sixteenth century religion had a large role on the society. It had affected everything from Government to everyday life for people. This story was set in the area of Europe. Which had a heavily religious influence. The Faust legend employs the notion of black magic and sorcery. This was often related to the devils work in this time due to the role of religion in society. To add to the beliefs or disbeliefs there were many tragic occurrences going on at the time like the Black plague and war and the†¦show more content†¦Christopher Marlowes, Dr. Faustus Christopher Marlowe was a well-educated man with a degree in divinity much like his story of Dr. Faustus. Which I feel gave him insight to be able to write the play. Not only did he have the degree in divinity he was thought to be an Atheist, which in this era was thought to be the work of the devil. His beliefs did not follow the norm for religion. This ended up being the cause for what many today argue was the cause of his death and that it was faked. In Christopher Marlowes Dr. Faustus the main character struggles with the lack of knowledge that he thinks he has, as well, the effect of all the deaths that were caused by the plaque. This troubled Dr. Faustus because he felt at one time that he had the knowledge that he could come to a medicine that would have saved the people from death. He seems to think that he has failed and has convinced himself that he has not knowledge and that he will never gain the kind of knowledge that he dreams of. Here he is weakened into turning to black magic and hoping that it will give him the knowledge that he seeks. This causes the a evil spirit named Mephostophilisto appear and try to encourage Dr. Faustus to give him twenty-four years for the powers that Dr. Faustus seeks, even thought Mephostophisto refuses to tell him the secrets of the creator the lord. The whole idea of trading his sole form powers is aShow MoreRelatedDr. Faustus as an Allegory897 Words   |  4 PagesApril 9th 2013 Allegorical Findings in Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, or in simpler terms Dr. Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe is said to be based on the German legend of Faust, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for hierarchy and knowledge. No Elizabethan play outside the Shakespeare canon has raised more controversy than Marlowe’s tale of Dr. Faustus. 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As a civilisation we are losing our way amidst subtle political coercion, a paranoia cultivated by the commercial elite, a rapacious and destructive fiscal system, a gender role upheaval and widespread, deliberately cultivated, apathy. The end of the eighteenth century was even more fraught. As a result what Butler says the collective anxiety (9) (an aspect of the much discussed spirit of the age) wasRead MoreMedical Tourism22177 Words   |  89 Pagesattractive to enter and realize profits. There are a few strong players in the market, although, the overall market is still in the emerging phase. However, certain facts about the government, staffing, certifications, and lack of resources explain that the role players in the industry may need to work together to build up the industry. Finally, a few recommendations have been noted to help the hospital make the right decisions. I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was made possible due to theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Accounting Software and Application Software

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Software and Application Software. Answer: Introduction Accounting software is application software that is used by accounting professionals to keep an account of financial transactions with the help of computer instead of papers (Lam 2015). This literature review has been focuses on analyzing an accounting software namely XERO that allows the company in keeping track for online bookkeeping. The main discussion part for this study is the history of XERO, development and adoption of the software, current market size of the applications, the competitive advantages as well as challenges. Accounting software packages (XERO): History, Development and Adoption, Market Size, Leaders, Advantages, Challenges Xero is a cloud based accounting software company based in New Zealand. The target segment of the company is small and medium business enterprise. History of XERO Xero started its journey way back in 2007 with the basic services. The basic services included balances, editable bank accounts and transactions, default invoice texts, GST returns and invoicing for both account payable and receivable. The company is listed in both New Zealand Exchange (NZE) and Australian security exchange (ASX) (Computerworld 2016). Xero is functional in NZ, Australia, UK and America. Xero Australia was launched in 2008; the company entered UK in 2007 and entered US market in 2011 (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). The products of Xero are based on Software as a Service model and are sold on subscription based on company requirements. Xero was established by Mr. Rod Drury and his personal accountant as they felt that desktop accounting software has become obsolete. The company had been taking small, sure but firm steps, it spent five years in local New Zealand market before going public on ASX in 2012 (Pando.com, 2016). Xero has acquired numerous companies from its inception, in 2011 an Australian payroll provider called Paycycle which allowed the company to integrate payroll into their offering (Stuff, 2016). It acquired Spotlight Workpapers in 2012 and in the same year Xero acquired one more company related to online job, time and invoice management solution named Workflowmax. Development and Adoptions of XERO Xero started with basic services in New-Zealand in 2006 (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). The company has developed from a start-up to a market giant over nine years. In March 2007 reports were incorporated for generation and viewing of interactive reports based on real time information. In the same month, manual journals for accountants and bookkeepers were introduced for posting manual journals. In the same year of 2007, budget manager, billing, My Xero, Recurring invoices, Expense Claim, bank reconciliation, credit notes were included and Xero was introduced to UK market (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). In the following year 2008, tracking for tracking performances, Xero-2-Xero online services, comparative balances, Google doc integration, statements, provisional tax payments, report layout for better UI, contact groups were included into the system and the package was launched in Australia. Finally Xero Global Version was launched in December which was meant for everyone without any country specification. Further in 2009, management of accounts for depreciation of fixed assets was incorporated under fixed Assets, Multi-Currency enabled banking in all 160 currencies, Freshbook and Paypal integration was done in the same year and finally batch payment was merged in the software. In 2010 customizable Bank rules, ledger edition, invoice branding and various templates were blended into it. 2011 saw minor changes in the software and the business was expanded to US. Xero community was launched in 2012, other add-ons like, online invoices, multiple budgets, online invoices, employee time sheets were launched in the same year (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). The major update of 2013 was incorporation of calculator and Xero profile for promotion of accountants and bookkeepers. The mobile version of Xero too was launched in the same year. Further in to future the company got more diversified and versatile with incorporation of other services like uncoded statement line report, payroll reports, apps with enhanced security, time sheets, Xero Me, advanced authentication, etc (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). Market Size of XERO Xero has over 1400 employees and over 700 thousand subscribers and is one of the fastest growing SaaS (Software as a Service) accounting solution providers. The target segment for the company is the small businesses (Ma 2015). Hence the company thrives to provide a better solution, to the small and medium business, regarding tools, information and connections. The organization has more than 1200 product updates, 16000 partners and records more than 1 trillion NZD in its records (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). According to Xero Blog (2015), Xero is the fastest increasing, financial and accounting vendor in the world. Apart from fastest growing provider, the company also ranks in payroll service provider (Xero Accounting Software, 2016). The organization grew 74.7% in payroll accounting space and 80.3% in financial application sector. Xeros 90% of Quick BooksOnline base is in USA and 94% of Xeros clients are in NZ, Australia and UK. According to Fool.com.au (2016) the company gained around 500% and promises more. The growth of the company has been exponential and the recent half yearly results show revenue of 30.3 million NZD. Xeros current capitalization is nearly 5 billion NZD, although competition is very high from the peers the aggressive tilt at client acquisition has won many supporters which have resulted in a market cap of 1.58 billion NZD (The National Business Review 2013). Identification of Leaders in Software Accounting Market The main competitor of Xero in NZ and Australian market are Sage50, SAP, Sage One, Dynamics, MYOB, etc and the main competitors out of them are MYOB (Mind Your Own Business) and Intuit. Cloud accounting constitute of 67% of the new generation registration which has doubled over the previous year. Since cloud has higher life time value compared to the desktop market, hence Xero has successfully eaten up a huge market share of MYOB. MYOB is now waking up and getting its foot fast on cloud computing and trying to shake off its desktop legacy (Businessinsider.com.au 2016). Xero values its company at 1.58 billion NZD whereas MYOB has a value of 2.34 billion NZD and Intuit is a fortune 2000 company. For winning the market share back again MYOB in investing heavily on innovation and expects to turn in revenues of around 280 million dollar. Figure 1: The market Share of the different companies (Source: Businessinsider.com.au 2016) Competitive Advantages of XERO Xero is a cloud based accounting and bookkeeping software. The cloud is online platform where data can be access anytime anywhere with the help of internet (Hossack 2015). The interface between user and the computer is not dedicated software but is general purpose browser. Since there is no software installed on any particular device, the data modification and updation can be done from any computing device including a Smartphone (Smith 2015). Since Xero is SaaS type cloud computing model, it allows more client support in lesser time on a single platform. Collaboration moves to next level with cloud computation; it allows real time transfer of data and updation within the world. Since cloud is a centralized system and is not based on systems, the system updation is easier done and need not be updated in different systems. Since all the works are done on other platform, the data are always backed up (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). So Xero being cloud software offers all the advantages that has been discussed before. Apart from the above advantages there are other services that are specific to Xero; they are, automated bank feeds, simple and fast invoicing, no maintenance of the software, dashboard is interactive, and the software is much faster compared to other software because of add-on available for different devices (Khaneja 2015). Hence Xero with all the designated features are fast accessible and provides peace of mind to the business as they need not worry about the software aspect of the services (King 2015). All an organization needs is an internet connection and a device to access internet. Current Challenges of XERO The services offered by Xero are not charged once but the user has to pay a monthly rental, which stands as a disadvantage for the organization. Every cloud system is granted access depending upon the authentication. The authentication can be of many types like password, biometrics, etc. If internet speed is slow or intermittent the services too become intermittent and working becomes a punishment, so financial data are prone to error and pose a great danger (Walther et al. 2013). Few features like stock control that are available in other software can be incorporated, the price is high for the amount of features available, the speed is lesser, lesser control on data hence Xero should work in these areas for a better customer experience. Recommendations Xero is great software for accounting professionals and has won hearts in a short span of time. Few recommendations that will further help in enhancing customer experience and help retain them are competitive pricing, better security and applications like stock control. The customers of Xero have to pay monthly rental for the services that have been used, this creates a large payment slab for the large organizations hence the large organization usually avoid Xero, so a singular payment option is better way to charge for the large organization. The security in the present scenario is single stage and can be further enhanced with multi-level security. Finally, more updates should be incorporated in the system to make the system more versatile. Conclusion Financial and accounting software has helped in office automation and reduced the human errors that had been common in past. This work has discussed the various aspects of the cloud computing accounting and bookkeeping software named Xero. The literature review upon the software has discussed the history, development and evolution of the software, market size of the company, competitor and the leaders of the company and finally the advantages and the disadvantages of the software has been discussed in detail. References Businessinsider.com.au. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/charts-the-battle-for-supremacy-in-australias-cloud-accounting-market-2015-4 [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Computerworld. (2016). NZ-based SaaS provider Xero lists on ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/441327/nz-based_saas_provider_xero_lists_asx/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Fool.com.au. (2016).Xero is up 493% over the last year, is there more to come? | Motley Fool Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.fool.com.au/2014/02/28/xero-is-up-493-over-the-last-year-is-there-more-to-come/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Hossack, S., 2015. Cloud-based accounting and productivity tools for practitioners and taxpayers.Taxation in Australia,50(5), p.265. Khaneja, S., 2015. E-Accounting in the Current Scenario: Impact of Information Technology.The International Journal of Business Management,3(9), p.290. King, A., 2015. Xero soothes auditors on automation. Lam, G., 2015. The Online Accounting Software Guide: An In-depth Analysis of Today's Leading Cloud Accounting Applications. Ma, X., 2015. The adoption of cloud computing for small and medium accounting firms. Pando.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://pando.com/2013/05/01/xero-a-billion-dollar-software-company-that-had-five-years-in-stealth-at-the-bottom-of-the-planet/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Smith, H., 2015.Xero for dummies. John Wiley Sons. Stuff. (2016).Xero aims to boost Australian growth. [online] Available at: https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/5323260/Xero-buys-payroll-provider-to-boost-Australian-growth [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. The National Business Review. (2013).Xero hits $1.58b market cap, Woodward sees it climbing to $6.4b. [online] Available at: https://www.nbr.co.nz/xero-nasdaq [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]. Walther, S., Sedera, D., Sarker, S. and Eymann, T., 2013. Evaluating Operational Cloud Enterprise System Success: An Organizational Perspective. InECIS(p. 16). Xero Accounting Software. (2016).About Us | Xero. [online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/about/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016].